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From January, first-time buyers will be allowed to borrow up to 4 times their household income.

One story has dominated the economic news in 2022 — inflation. Around the world, prices have risen far faster than forecasters were expecting, as a result of knock-on effects from the Covid-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine and strong consumer demand.

Investing is easy when portfolio values are going up. We hardly notice the occasional market decline and, if we do, we might be tempted to view them as a buying opportunity. And that’s what investing is like in an average year. But 2022 has been anything but average.

As regular readers of the Biograph blog know, most active fund managers underperform for most of the time. The evidence is overwhelming. A common response to that assertion from those who advocate active management is that active funds do prove their worth in periods of market volatility and in bear markets.

Capital Acquisitions Tax, otherwise known as inheritance tax, was introduced in Ireland in 1975 as a tax on those who inherit property or other assets. The total amount of inheritance tax paid in Ireland in 2019 was €522 million, which by way of contrast was 75% higher than 2007, at the height of the Celtic Tiger.

One of the most talked about issues in the financial media is whether you should actively or passively invest. Active funds try to beat the market by picking the right stocks; passive funds, or index funds, simply track the whole market.